Find us on all the things: http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast

Sources Cited:

Bourton, Jody. “BBC - Earth News - Spirit Bears Become “Invisible.”” Bbc.co.uk, BBC, 2025, news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8344000/8344367.stm.

KLINKA, DAN R., and THOMAS E. REIMCHEN. “Adaptive Coat Colour Polymorphism in the Kermode Bear of Coastal British Columbia.” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 98, no. 3, 27 Oct. 2009, pp. 479–488, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01306.x.

“Research: Dietary Differences among Individuals with Different Genes and Coat Colours Gives Insight into the Maintenance of the Spirit Bears among Black Bear Populations | Raincoast.” Raincoast, 6 May 2021, www.raincoast.org/2021/05/research-dietary-differences-genes-spirit-bears-among-black-bear-populations/.

“Saving the Kermode “Spirit” Bear.” National Wildlife Federation, 28 Jan. 2010, www.nwf.org/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2010/Kermode-bear.

Service, Christina N., et al. “Intrapopulation Foraging Niche Variation between Phenotypes and Genotypes of Spirit Bear Populations.” Ecology and Evolution, vol. 11, no. 10, 13 Apr. 2021, pp. 5025–5037, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7276.

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Sources Cited:

ArborAssays. “Climate Stress and the American Pika – Arbor Assays.” Arbor Assays, 21 July 2017, www.arborassays.com/climate-stress-american-pika/.

Bolen, Anne. “Have Pikas Peaked?” National Wildlife Federation, 2015, www.nwf.org/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2016/DecJan/Conservation/Pikas.

Buchholz, Lauren. “Pikas & Climate Change, Colorado Pika Project.” Colorado Pika Project, 14 Nov. 2020, pikapartners.org/pikas-and-climate-change/.

Dearing, M. Denise. “THE MANIPULATION of PLANT TOXINS by a FOOD-HOARDING HERBIVORE,OCHOTONA PRINCEPS.” Ecology, vol. 78, no. 3, Apr. 1997, pp. 774–781, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[0774:tmoptb]2.0.co;2.

Johnston, Aaron N., et al. “Freezing in a Warming Climate: Marked Declines of a Subnivean Hibernator after a Snow Drought.” Ecology and Evolution, vol. 11, no. 3, 29 Dec. 2020, pp. 1264–1279, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7126.

Li, Mengke, et al. “The Hypoxia Adaptation of Small Mammals to Plateau and Underground Burrow Conditions.” Animal Models and Experimental Medicine, vol. 4, no. 4, 21 Oct. 2021, pp. 319–328, https://doi.org/10.1002/ame2.12183.

“New Data Shows Pikas and Their Watchers on the Rise.” Oregonzoo.org, 2024, www.oregonzoo.org/news/new-data-shows-pikas-and-their-watchers-rise.

“Pika - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service).” Www.nps.gov, 18 Apr. 2025, www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/pika.htm.

“Pika Monitoring (U.S. National Park Service).” Nps.gov, 2018, www.nps.gov/im/ucbn/pika.htm.

Rankin, Andrew Michael, et al. “Signatures of Adaptive Molecular Evolution in American Pikas (Ochotona Princeps).” Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 98, no. 4, 13 June 2017, pp. 1156–1167, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyx059.

Schmidt, Danielle A, et al. “Phylogenomics of American Pika (Ochotona Princeps) Lineage Diversification.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 193, 1 Apr. 2024, pp. 108030–108030, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790324000228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108030.

Smith, Lydia. “Binturong: The Bearcat That Smells like Hot Buttered Popcorn.” Live Science, 21 June 2025, www.livescience.com/animals/land-mammals/binturong-the-bearcat-that-smells-like-hot-buttered-popcorn.

Waterhouse, Matthew D, et al. “Individual-Based Analysis of Hair Corticosterone Reveals Factors Influencing Chronic Stress in the American Pika.” Ecology and Evolution, vol. 7, no. 12, 26 Apr. 2017, pp. 4099–4108, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3009.

Wilkening, Jennifer L., et al. “Relating Sub-Surface Ice Features to Physiological Stress in a Climate Sensitive Mammal, the American Pika (Ochotona Princeps).” PLOS ONE, vol. 10, no. 3, 24 Mar. 2015, p. e0119327, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119327.

Yu, Ning, et al. “Molecular Systematics of Pikas (Genus Ochotona) Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequences.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 16, no. 1, July 2000, pp. 85–95, https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2000.0776.

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Support the Doc:

-         https://www.badcrayfish.com/399-forever

-         https://www.instagram.com/399doc/

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Links We Discussed:

https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/399-forever#/

Sources Cited:

Bergman, Jordanna N., et al. “Evaluating the Benefits and Risks of Social Media for Wildlife Conservation.” FACETS, vol. 7, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2022, pp. 360–397, https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2021-0112.

Davis, Robert A, et al. “Liked to Death: The Impacts of Social Media and Photography on Biodiversity.” The Science of the Total Environment, vol. 949, 1 July 2024, pp. 175106–175106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175106.

Sun, Alice. “What Happens When Wild Animals Become Social Media Sensations?” Scienceline, 18 Sept. 2023, scienceline.org/2023/09/what-happens-when-wild-animals-become-social-media-sensations/.

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Links We Discussed:

https://myfwc.com/education/wildlife/manatee/viewing-guidelines/

https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/wildlife/manatee/myfwccomhow-to-help/

https://savethemanatee.org/manatees/harassment/

Sources Cited:

Bates, Karl. “New Research Tracks the History of Manatees across Earth’s Oceans | Duke Today.” Duke Today, 25 Aug. 2022, today.duke.edu/2022/08/new-research-tracks-history-manatees-across-earth%E2%80%99s-oceans.

Canon, Cheyenne. “Mortalities Decline from Record, but Remain High.” Save the Manatee Club |, 7 Mar. 2024, savethemanatee.org/mortalities-decline-from-record-but-remain-high/.

Domning, D. P. “The Earliest Known Fully Quadrupedal Sirenian.” Nature, vol. 413, no. 6856, 1 Oct. 2001, pp. 625–627, www.nature.com/articles/35098072, https://doi.org/10.1038/35098072.

Foote, Andrew D, et al. “Convergent Evolution of the Genomes of Marine Mammals.” Nature Genetics, vol. 47, no. 3, 26 Jan. 2015, pp. 272–275, www.nature.com/articles/ng.3198, https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3198.

“Harassment | Save the Manatee Club.” Save the Manatee, 7 June 2023, savethemanatee.org/manatees/harassment/

Jones Jr., Robert. “No Longer Endangered, Manatees Now Face Another Crisis.” University of Miami, 2 Feb. 2022, news.miami.edu/stories/2022/02/no-longer-endangered,-manatees-now-face-another-crisis.html.

“Manatee Mortality Statistics.” Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, myfwc.com/research/manatee/rescue-mortality-response/statistics/mortality/.Source.

“New Research Tracks Evolution of Sea Cows | Sci.News.” Sci.News: Breaking Science News, 25 Aug. 2022, www.sci.news/biology/sirenia-evolution-11135.html.U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 

“Trichechus Manatus | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.” Www.fws.gov, www.fws.gov/species/manatee-trichechus-manatus.

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Links We Discussed:

https://5calls.org/

https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/

https://www.facebook.com/AltUSNationalParkService/

https://www.instagram.com/50501movement/

https://www.instagram.com/resistancerangers/

https://www.npca.org/

Sources Cited:

Axelrod, Josh. “Trump Interior Secretary’s Orders Make Public Lands Ground Zero for Drilling & Mining.” Nrdc.org, 20 Feb. 2025, www.nrdc.org/media/trump-interior-secretarys-orders-make-public-lands-ground-zero-drilling-mining.

Choi, Annette, et al. “Tracking Trump’s Overhaul of the Federal Workforce.” CNN, 26 Feb. 2025, www.cnn.com/politics/tracking-federal-workforce-firings-dg/index.html.Crowley, Kinsey, et al.

“Tracking Federal Layoffs 2025: Impacted Agencies Include IRS, FAA, TSA and More.” USA TODAY, 21 Feb. 2025, www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/02/21/federal-layoffs-2025-list/79415517007/.

Detrow, Scott. “How Is DOGE Funded?” NPR, Mar. 2025, www.npr.org/2025/03/01/nx-s1-5310562/how-is-doge-funded.

Fowler, Stephen . “DOGE’s Savings Page Fixed Old Mistakes — and Added New Ones.” NPR, Mar. 2025, www.npr.org/2025/03/01/nx-s1-5313853/doge-savings-receipts-musk-trump.

Haggerty, Mark, and Jenny Rowland-Shea. “Trump Quietly Plans to Liquidate Public Lands to Finance His Sovereign Wealth Fund.” Center for American Progress, 20 Feb. 2025, www.americanprogress.org/article/trump-quietly-plans-to-liquidate-public-lands-to-finance-his-sovereign-wealth-fund/.

Hamilton, Anita. “Mass Firings of Federal Workers Were Done Illegally, Two Judges Rule.” Barron’s, 14 Mar. 2025, www.barrons.com/articles/federal-workers-reinstate-court-california-ruling-40c2b920.

Mansfield, Erin, and Sarah D Wire. “You’re …Rehired? What We Know about Who Is Exempt from Donald Trump’s Mass Firings.” USA TODAY, 21 Feb. 2025, www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/02/21/trump-rescinded-layoffs/79188799007/.

Noone, Sean. “Is Elon Musk Getting Paid for DOGE?” NewsNation, 5 Mar. 2025, www.newsnationnow.com/politics/is-elon-musk-getting-paid-for-doge/, https://doi.org/10507362.m3u8.

The Economic Times. “Is Donald Trump Perfecting His Golf Game on US Taxpayers’ Dime? President Reportedly Spent Millions on 13.” The Economic Times, Economic Times, 9 Mar. 2025, economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/is-donald-trump-perfecting-his-golf-game-on-us-taxpayers-dime-president-reportedly-spent-millions-on-13-rounds-in-just-48-days/articleshow/118819582.cms?from=mdr. 

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Sources Cited:

“Black Bears Can “Count” as Well as Primates.” National Geographic, 31 Aug. 2012, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/120829-black-bears-cognition-animals-science.

“Canada Lynx.” Department of Environmental Conservation, DFW, Bureau of Wildlife, dec.ny.gov/nature/animals-fish-plants/canada-lynx. “Lynx Canadensis.” Fire Effects Information System (FEIS), U.S. Forest Service, www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/mammal/lyca/all.html.

Kos I., Potočnik H., Skrbinšek T., Skrbinšek M.A., Jonozovič M., Krofel M. 2004. Ris v Sloveniji. 1. izd. Ljubljana, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo: 239 str. (Lynx in Slovenia. Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology. 239 pg.)

Marrotte, Robby R., and Jeff Bowman. “Seven Decades of Southern Range Dynamics of Canada Lynx.” Ecology and Evolution, vol. 11, no. 9, 9 Mar. 2021, pp. 4644–4655, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8093747/, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7364.

Moore, Rico, and Photos David Moskowitz. “Welcoming Relatives Home: The Return of the Lynx.” YES! Magazine, 15 Dec. 2023, www.yesmagazine.org/environment/2023/12/15/washington-canada-lynx-tribe.

Osborne, Ryan. “Lynx Sightings around Fairbanks Reach New Heights.” Https://Www.webcenterfairbanks.com, Webcenter Fairbanks, 22 Jan. 2021, www.webcenterfairbanks.com/2021/01/22/lynx-sightings-around-fairbanks-reach-new-heights/.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. “Canada Lynx (Lynx Canadensis) | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.” FWS.gov, www.fws.gov/species/canada-lynx-lynx-canadensis.

“USFWS Proposes Revised Critical Habitat for Canada Lynx & Announces Final Recovery Plan | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.” FWS.gov, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 27 Nov. 2024, www.fws.gov/press-release/2024-11/usfws-proposes-revised-critical-habitat-canada-lynx-announces-final-recovery.

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Links We Discussed:

Wolf Tracker Junction Butte Pack Info: https://www.yellowstonewolf.org/yellowstones_wolves.php?pack_id=3

Yellowstone Wolf Project Annual Report: https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/upload/2023-Wolf-Report-final_web.pdf

Sources Cited:

Cassidy, K.A., D.R. Stahler, E.E. Stahler, M. Metz, J. SunderRaj, T. Rabe, J. Rabe, N. Tatton, M. Packila, B. Cassidy, W. Binder, C. Lacey, C. Ho, D. Sanborn, and G. Scott. 2024. Yellowstone National Park Wolf Project Annual Report 2023. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, WY, USA, YCR-2024. https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/upload/2023-Wolf-Report-final_web.pdf

French, Brett. “Queen of the Wolves: One-Eyed 11-Year-Old Defies Difficulties in a Wild Yellowstone.” Spokesman.com, The Spokesman-Review, 12 July 2024, www.spokesman.com/stories/2024/jul/12/queen-of-the-wolves-one-eyed-11-year-old-defies-di/.

Heinz, Mark. “Yellowstone’s Famed One-Eyed Wolf 907F Dies after Fight with Rival Pack.” Cowboy State Daily, 28 Dec. 2024, cowboystatedaily.com/2024/12/27/yellowstones-famed-one-eyed-wolf-907f-dies-after-fight-with-rival-pack/.

“Junction Butte Pack: Yellowstone Wolf Photos Citizen Science.” Yellowstonewolf.org, 2014, www.yellowstonewolf.org/yellowstones_wolves.php?pack_id=3.

Spartz, Isabel. “Wildlife Enthusiasts Mourn the Loss of Yellowstone’s Famed Wolf, 907F.” Q2 News (KTVQ), 28 Dec. 2024, www.ktvq.com/news/local-news/wildlife-enthusiasts-mourn-the-loss-of-yellowstones-famed-wolf-907f.

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Links We Discussed:

Adopt a Bighorn Sheep: https://www.shopnwf.org/adoptions/shop-adoption-center-adopt-an-animal-adopt-a-bighorn-sheep

Sources Cited:

Arnold, Billy. “Virus Capable of Spreading to Humans Likely in Car-Licking Bighorns.” Jackson Hole News&Guide, 20 Jan. 2024, www.jhnewsandguide.com/news/environmental/local/virus-capable-of-spreading-to-humans-likely-in-car-licking-bighorns/article_a7016c62-b722-11ee-b215-bfbcbb0ac5b1.html.

Whiting, Jericho C, et al. “Restoration of Bighorn Sheep: History, Successes, and Remaining Conservation Issues.” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 11, 2 Mar. 2023, www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2023.1083350/full, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1083350.

Wilson, Dawn. “Nature Nuggets: Science behind Bighorn Ram Head Butting.” Estes Park Trail-Gazette, 22 Nov. 2022, www.eptrail.com/2022/11/22/nature-nuggets-science-behind-bighorn-ram-head-butting/.

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Links We Discussed:

California Wolf Project: https://wildlife.berkeley.edu/cawolfproject/

Sources Cited:

Charles, Drimal. “Breaking News: Montana Headwaters Legacy Act Passes Committee, Full Senate Vote Next.” Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 19 Nov. 2024, greateryellowstone.org/blog/2024/breaking-news-montana-headwaters-legacy-act-passes-committee-full-senate-vote-next.

Cook, Meghan. “742 New Animal Species Discovered in the Congo Basin, according to Latest World Wildlife Fund Report.” Goodgoodgood.co, 4 Dec. 2024, www.goodgoodgood.co/articles/new-animal-species-africa-world-wildlife-fund.

Corbley, Andy. “Once Locally Extinct, “Top Predator” River Otter Flourishing Again in New Mexico.” Good News Network, 4 Dec. 2024, www.goodnewsnetwork.org/once-extirpated-top-predator-river-otter-flourishing-again-in-new-mexico/.

Justin, Housman. “Wolf Pack Spotted in Lassen Volcanic National Park for First Time.” Nationalparkstraveler.org, 25 Nov. 2024, www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2024/11/wolf-pack-spotted-lassen-volcanic-national-park-first-time.

Wendt, John A F, et al. “A 2000-Year Record of Fecal Biomarkers Reveals Past Herbivore Presence and Impacts in a Catchment in Northern Yellowstone National Park, USA.” PLoS ONE, vol. 19, no. 10, 30 Oct. 2024, pp. e0311950–e0311950, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311950.

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Links We Discussed:

Badger mushroom video: https://youtu.be/EIyixC9NsLI?si=8QHuofLtO-4JhBUE

Casey Anderson badger video: https://www.instagram.com/reel/C71sXfHOQAG/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==

Honey badger don’t care: https://youtu.be/4r7wHMg5Yjg?si=Ze9CiHr7ABb95Tsb

Sources Cited:

“American Badger (Taxidea Taxus) | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.” FWS.gov, 2021, www.fws.gov/species/american-badger-taxidea-taxus.

“American Badger - Taxidea Taxus - NatureWorks.” Nhpbs.org, 2019, nhpbs.org/natureworks/americanbadger.htm.

National Park Service. “American Badger - White Sands National Park (U.S. National Park Service).” Www.nps.gov, 20 Jan. 2022, www.nps.gov/whsa/learn/nature/american-badger.htm.

Shefferly, Nancy. “Taxidea Taxus (American Badger).” Animal Diversity Web, 1999, animaldiversity.org/accounts/Taxidea_taxus/.

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Links We Discussed:

Federal database of grizzly deaths in the GYE:

https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/GB_Mortality_2024.csv

Montana Grizzly Bear Mortality Information: https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/cfdfbb4a5c9f4758816b296410d3fc94/page/Page/?views=Overview

Sources Cited:

Gantchoff, M. G., et al. “Mortality of a Large Wide-Ranging Mammal Largely Caused by Anthropogenic Activities.” Scientific Reports, vol. 10, no. 1, 22 May 2020, p. 8498, www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-65290-9, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65290-9.

Gehring, Thomas M., et al. “Livestock Protection Dogs in the 21st Century: Is an Ancient Tool Relevant to Modern Conservation Challenges?” BioScience, vol. 60, no. 4, 1 Apr. 2010, pp. 299–308, academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/60/4/299/226197?login=true, https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.4.8.

Khorozyan, Igor, and Matthias Waltert. “Variation and Conservation Implications of the Effectiveness of Anti-Bear Interventions.” Scientific Reports, vol. 10, no. 1, 18 Sept. 2020, www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-72343-6?fromPaywallRec=false, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72343-6.

Mosley, Jeffrey C., et al. “Mitigating Human Conflicts with Livestock Guardian Dogs in Extensive Sheep Grazing Systems.” Rangeland Ecology & Management, vol. 73, no. 5, Sept. 2020, pp. 724–732, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2020.04.009.

Saitone, Tina L., and Ellen M. Bruno. “Cost Effectiveness of Livestock Guardian Dogs for Predator Control.” Wildlife Society Bulletin, vol. 44, no. 1, Mar. 2020, pp. 101–109, wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wsb.1063, https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1063.

Smith, Bethany R., et al. “The Ecological Effects of Livestock Guarding Dogs (LGDs) on Target and Non-Target Wildlife.” Journal of Vertebrate Biology, vol. 69, no. 3, 2 Dec. 2020, https://doi.org/10.25225/jvb.20103.

Smith, Martin E., et al. “Review of Methods to Reduce Livestock Depradation: I. Guardian Animals.” Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section a - Animal Science, vol. 50, no. 4, Dec. 2000, pp. 279–290, https://doi.org/10.1080/090647000750069476.

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Links We Discussed:

PBS Episode of Nature all about bear 399: https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/about-grizzly-399-queen-of-the-tetons/30040/

Sources Cited:

Arnold, Billy. “Grizzly 399 Got into Trouble about a Month before She Died.” Jackson Hole News&Guide, 13 Nov. 2024, www.jhnewsandguide.com/news/environmental/local/grizzly-399-got-into-trouble-about-a-month-before-she-died/article_bc0ed14e-a204-11ef-840c-676e0b74fc7b.html. Accessed 25 Nov. 2024.

Arnold, Billy. “In Grizzly 399’S Final Hours Carcass Removal Eluded Wildlife Managers.” Jackson Hole News&Guide, 6 Nov. 2024, www.jhnewsandguide.com/news/environmental/in-grizzly-399s-final-hours-carcass-removal-eluded-wildlife-managers/article_d0d66aac-9bb9-11ef-93fb-ef531d7d104f.html.

Grange, Kevin. “Mountain Journal.” Mountainjournal.org, Mountain Journal, 30 Oct. 2024, mountainjournal.org/reflections-on-the-life-of-grizzly-bear-399.

Heinz, Mark. “Grizzly 399 Cremated, Ashes Scattered in Pilgrim Creek Area of Grand Teton Park.” Cowboy State Daily, Nov. 2024, cowboystatedaily.com/2024/11/01/grizzly-399-cremated-ashes-scattered-in-pilgrim-creek-area-of-grand-teton-park/.

Heinz, Mark. “Wyoming and the World Hit Hard by Death of World’s Most Famous Bear, Grizzly 399.” Cowboy State Daily, 23 Oct. 2024, cowboystatedaily.com/2024/10/23/wyoming-and-the-world-hit-hard-by-death-of-worlds-most-famous-bear-grizzly-399/.

Koshmrl, Mike. “Goodbye, 399: Jackson Hole, Global Admirers, Send off the World’s Most Famous Grizzly.” WyoFile, WyoFile , 29 Oct. 2024, wyofile.com/goodbye-399-jackson-hole-global-admirers-send-off-the-worlds-most-famous-grizzly/.

Rossi, Andrew. “Mourners from across Country Attend Candlelight Vigil for Grizzly 399 in Jackson.” Cowboy State Daily, 3 Nov. 2024, cowboystatedaily.com/2024/11/03/vigil-for-grizzly-399-draws-more-than-200-to-jackson-from-across-the-country/.

Wolfson, Leo. “Driver Who Killed Grizzly 399 Did Nothing Wrong, Sheriff’s Office Says.” Cowboy State Daily, 25 Oct. 2024, cowboystatedaily.com/2024/10/25/driver-who-killed-grizzly-399-did-nothing-wrong-sheriffs-office-says/.

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Head to www.fatbearweek.org to cast your votes!

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Links We Discussed:

CPW Predation Information: https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRKBg2b1faK1Oi53O9HKe2EuaeT8lB9q0LpCOD8p6gyAE2YSH5MY-zlWo_uJdi0fTAD16DbmCBGbaax/pub

Katmai bear 230 (Ben) splishin and splashin: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwmG4udxKR4

Island Park is Bear Country: https://islandparkbears.org/

Sources Cited:

Macintyre, Barney. “British Baby Beaver Boom Brings Benefits.” Tortoise, 15 Aug. 2024, www.tortoisemedia.com/2024/08/15/british-baby-beaver-boom-brings-benefits/#:~:text=Baby%20beavers%20have%20been%20born,been%20spotted%20in%20the%20area.

Mitchell, Wylee. “Three Wolf Pups Born to Reintroduced Colorado Wolves Were Caught on Camera.” Https://Www.Kkco11news.Com, 20 Aug. 2024, www.kkco11news.com/2024/08/20/3-wolf-pups-born-reintroduced-colorado-wolves-were-caught-camera/.

Pace, David. “Air Park Fails to Land with P&Z Commissioners in Island Park.” East Idaho News, 28 Aug. 2024, www.eastidahonews.com/2024/08/air-park-fails-to-land-with-pz-commissioners-in-island-park/.

“US Pacific Northwest Sees Huge Columbia River Sockeye Salmon Return.” Undercurrent News, 21 Aug. 2024, www.undercurrentnews.com/2024/08/21/us-pacific-northwest-sees-huge-columbia-river-sockeye-salmon-return/

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Links We Discussed:

Badass Caribou Adaptations: https://www.fws.gov/story/caribou-keep-it-cool-cold

South Selkirk Mountain Caribou Updates: https://conservationnw.org/our-work/wildlife/mountain-caribou/

Porcupine Caribou Herd Information: https://defendingthearcticrefuge.com/wildlife/

Porcupine Caribou Management Board: https://pcmb.ca/

Sources Cited:

“Arctic Reindeer / Caribou - Facts and Adaptations Rangifer Tarandus.” Reindeer of the Arctic, Facts and Adaptations - Rangifer Tarandus, Also Called Caribou, www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/wildlife/Arctic_animals/arctic-reindeer-caribou.php.

Bishop, Sam. “Comprehending Caribou in the Oil Patch.” Aurora, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2023, www.uaf.edu/aurora/files/spring2023/Aurora-spring-2023-comprehending-caribou.pdf.

Eickmeier, Ashly. “Woodland Caribou.” Species Conservation, State of Idaho, 23 Mar. 2023, species.idaho.gov/wildlife-species/woodland-caribou/.

“Migration.” Porcupine Caribou Management Board (PCMB), 27 July 2021, pcmb.ca/migration/.

Peterson, Jan. “Southern Mountain Caribou Make a Comeback: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.” FWS.Gov, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 6 Sept. 2023, www.fws.gov/story/2023-09/southern-mountain-caribou-make-comeback#:~:text=The%20Central%20Selkirk%20herd%20had,2021%2C%20only%2028%20caribou%20remained.

Ross, Evan. “Oil Development in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Will Affect Wildlife.” DEBATING SCIENCE, COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST, 19 Apr. 2016, websites.umass.edu/natsci397a-eross/oil-development-in-the-arctic-national-wildlife-refuge-will-affect-wildlife/#:~:text=Research%20has%20shown%20that%20caribou%20exhibit%20avoidance,(such%20as%20oil%20development%20infrastructure)%20which%20has.

“Southern Mountain Caribou Listed as Endangered.” Conservation Northwest - Protecting, Connecting and Restoring Wildlands and Wildlife, 3 Oct. 2019, conservationnw.org/news-updates/southern-mountain-caribou-endangered/.

Sweeney, Brittany. “Caribou Keep It Cool in the Cold: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.” FWS.Gov, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, https://www.fws.gov/story/caribou-keep-it-cool-cold

Whitten, Kenneth R, and Wayne L Regelin. “Movement Patterns of the Porcupine Caribou Herd in Relation to Oil Development.” Alaska Department of Fish & Game , Oct. 1988, www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/home/library/pdfs/wildlife/federal_aid/88_ca_porc_whitten_regelin.pdf.

Wiles, Gary J. “Periodic Status Review for the Woodland Caribou - WDFW.” Washington Department of FISH AND WILDLIFE Wildlife Program, State of Washington, Jan. 2017, wdfw.wa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/01852/wdfw01852.pdf.

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Sources Cited:

Borkfelt, Sune. “What’s in a name?—consequences of naming non-human animals.” Animals, vol. 1, no. 1, 19 Jan. 2011, pp. 116–125, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani1010116.

Fitz, Michael. “To Name or Not to Name?” National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 7 May 2015, www.nps.gov/katm/blogs/to-name-or-not-to-name.htm.

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Links We Discussed:

https://cowboystatedaily.com/2022/05/23/grizzly-bear-attacked-by-mother-mate-in-yellowstone-national-park-service-euthanize/

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Links We Discussed:

https://hawmr.com/

https://www.relistwolves.org/

https://www.wolvesoftherockies.org/

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Links We Discussed:

https://www.change.org/p/demand-felony-charges-against-cody-roberts-for-animal-cruelty

https://www.huntersandanglersforwildlifemanagementreform.com/

https://www.relistwolves.org/

https://trapfreemt.org/

https://www.wolvesoftherockies.org/

https://wyominguntrapped.org/

Sources Cited:

Butterfield, Alan. “Wyoming Town Defends Wolf Killer Cody Roberts Who Paraded Predator in Local Bar, Insisting the Animals Are a Danger to Their Way of Life.” Daily Mail Online, Associated Newspapers, 14 Apr. 2024, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-13298397/Wyoming-town-defends-wolf-killer-Cody-Roberts.html.

Koshmrl, Mike. “Eyewitness Describes Wyoming Wolf’s Final Hours in the Green River Bar.” WyoFile, WyoFile, 12 Apr. 2024, wyofile.com/eyewitness-describes-wyoming-wolfs-final-hours-in-the-green-river-bar/.

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Links We Discussed:

https://beaversnw.org/

https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/The-Beaver-Restoration-Guidebook-v2.02_0.pdf

https://youtu.be/APLz2bTprMA

Sources Cited:

Doronina, Liliya, et al. “The Beaver’s phylogenetic lineage illuminated by Retroposon reads.” Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, 3 Mar. 2017, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43562.

Egly, Rachel M., and Eric R. Larson. “Distribution, habitat associations, and conservation status updates for the pilose crayfish Pacifastacus gambelii (Girard, 1852) and Snake River pilose crayfish Pacifastacus connectens (Faxon, 1914) of the western United States.” PeerJ, vol. 6, 27 Sept. 2018, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5668.

Goldfarb, Ben. “Beavers Are the Ultimate Ecosystem Engineers.” Sierra Club, 3 July 2018, www.sierraclub.org/sierra/2018-4-july-august/feature/beavers-are-ultimate-ecosystem-engineers.

Goldman, Jason. “Once Upon A Time, The Catholic Church Decided That Beavers Were Fish.” Scientific American, 23 May 2013, www.scientificamerican.com/blog/thoughtful-animal/once-upon-a-time-the-catholic-church-decided-that-beavers-were-fish/#:~:text=Since%20the%20semi%2Daquatic%20rodent,a%20fish%20for%20dietary%20purposes.

Horn, Susanne, et al. “Mitochondrial genomes reveal slow rates of molecular evolution and the timing of speciation in Beavers (castor), one of the largest rodent species.” PLoS ONE, vol. 6, no. 1, 28 Jan. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014622.

Kitchener, Andrew. Beavers. Whittet, 2001.

Learn, Joshua. “Beaver Dams Control Nitrogen Flow in Northeastern Rivers.” The Wildlife Society, 19 Nov. 2015, wildlife.org/beaver-dams-control-nitrogen-flow-in-northeastern-rivers/.

“N. America’s Earliest Beaver Found Near Dayville.” KTVZ, 19 Sept. 2011, web.archive.org/web/20110925014013/http:/www.ktvz.com/news/29230615/detail.html.

Rozell, Ned. “Beavers Not Always to Blame for Beaver Fever.” University of Alaska Fairbanks, 19 Aug. 2021, www.uaf.edu/news/beavers-not-always-to-blame-for-fever-8-19-21.php.

Tyrrell, Ethan. “How 200,000 Beavers Took over Part of Argentina.” Cracked.Com, Cracked.com, 24 Jan. 2022, www.cracked.com/article_32484_how-200000-beavers-took-over-part-of-argentina.html.

“Why Super-Sized Beavers Went Extinct: Earth.” EarthSky, 2 June 2019, earthsky.org/earth/why-giant-beavers-went-extinct/.

Wright, Samantha. “Parachuting Beavers into Idaho’s Wilderness? Yes, It Really Happened.” Boise State Public Radio, Boise State Public Radio, 14 Jan. 2015, www.boisestatepublicradio.org/environment/2015-01-14/parachuting-beavers-into-idahos-wilderness-yes-it-really-happened.

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Sources Cited:

Beschta, Bob, and William Ripple. “Studies Confirm Effect of Wolves, Elk on Tree Recovery in Yellowstone National Park.” Oregon State University, 25 Apr. 2016, today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2016/apr/studies-confirm-effect-wolves-elk-tree-recovery-yellowstone-national-park#:~:text=Elk%20numbers%20in%20Yellowstone%20have,to%20less%20than%205%2C000%20today.

BLAKESLEE, NATE. American Wolf: A True Story of Survival and Obsession in the West. BROADWAY Books, 2018.

Farquhar, Brodie. “Wolf Reintroduction Changes Ecosystem in Yellowstone.” Yellowstone National Park, 22 June 2023, www.yellowstonepark.com/things-to-do/wildlife/wolf-reintroduction-changes-ecosystem.

Painter, Luke E., et al. “Aspen recruitment in the Yellowstone region linked to reduced herbivory after large carnivore restoration.” Ecosphere, vol. 9, no. 8, 30 Aug. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2376.

Reichard, Kevin. “More Wolves = Fewer Elk = Yellowstone Aspen Comeback.” Yellowstone Insider, 4 Sept. 2018, yellowstoneinsider.com/2018/09/04/wolves-fewer-elk-yellowstone-aspen-comeback/.

Smith, Douglas W., and Gary Ferguson. Decade of the Wolf: Returning the Wild to Yellowstone. Lyons Press, 2012.

Williams, Ted. “America’s New War on Wolves and Why It Must Be Stopped.” Yale Environment360, Yale School of Environment, 17 Feb. 2022, e360.yale.edu/features/americas-new-war-on-wolves-and-why-it-must-be-stopped#:~:text=By%201926%20all%20wolves%20had,reintroduction%20from%20the%20get%2Dgo.

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Links We Discussed:

Video from American Rivers: https://youtu.be/e5lcP_9ateE

Sources Cited:

Biden, Joseph. “Memorandum on Restoring Healthy and Abundant Salmon, Steelhead, and Other Native Fish Populations in the Columbia River Basin.” The White House, The United States Government, 27 Sept. 2023, www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2023/09/27/memorandum-on-restoring-healthy-and-abundant-salmon-steelhead-and-other-native-fish-populations-in-the-columbia-river-basin/.

Brown, Karina. “Efforts of Tribes Pay off in Historic Agreement on Snake River Dam Removals.” OregonLive, 27 Dec. 2023, www.oregonlive.com/environment/2023/12/efforts-of-tribes-pay-off-in-historic-agreement-on-snake-river-dam-removals.html.

Helmer, Jodi. “In the Columbia–Snake River Basin, Salmon Are Losing Their Way.” Natural Resources Defense Council, 18 July 2018, www.nrdc.org/stories/columbia-snake-river-basin-salmon-are-losing-their-way.

Neville, Helen. “The Science Is Clear: Snake River Dams Kill Too Many Fish.” Trout Unlimited, 15 July 2021, www.tu.org/magazine/conservation/the-science-is-clear-snake-river-dams-kill-too-many-fish/.

Smith, Anna. “Lower Snake River Dams Closer to Coming down with New Agreement.” High Country News, 31 Jan. 2024, www.hcn.org/articles/dams-lower-snake-river-dams-closer-to-coming-down-with-new-agreement/.

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Sources Cited:

“Service Announces Gray Wolf Finding and National Recovery Plan: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.” FWS.Gov, 2 Feb. 2024, www.fws.gov/press-release/2024-02/service-announces-gray-wolf-finding-and-national-recovery-plan.

Smith, Douglas W., and Gary Ferguson. Decade of the Wolf: Returning the Wild to Yellowstone. Lyons Press, 2012.

Williams, Ted. “America’s New War on Wolves and Why It Must Be Stopped.” Yale Environment360, Yale School of Environment, 17 Feb. 2022, e360.yale.edu/features/americas-new-war-on-wolves-and-why-it-must-be-stopped#:~:text=By%201926%20all%20wolves%20had,reintroduction%20from%20the%20get%2Dgo.

“Wolf Restoration.” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 27 Apr. 2023, www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/wolf-restoration.htm.

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Sources Cited:

“Deer Haven Park - Official Site of the Seneca White Deer Tours.” Deer Haven Park - Official Site of the Seneca White Deer Tours, 2 Feb. 2024, deerhavenpark.org/. 

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Sources Cited:

Ashworth, James. “Giant Pandas’ Supercharged Gut Takes Advantage of Changing Seasons.” Natural History Museum, 19 Jan. 2022, www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2022/january/giant-pandas-supercharged-gut-takes-advantage-changing-seasons.html#:~:text=Many%20of%20its%20genes%20produce,help%20it%20digest%20its%20meals.

Guo, Wei, et al. “The carnivorous digestive system and bamboo diet of giant pandas may shape their low gut bacterial diversity.” Conservation Physiology, vol. 8, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coz104.

“History of the Giant Panda.” WWF, 8 June 2004, wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?13588%2FHistory-of-the-Giant-Panda.

Hunt, Katie. “Pandas Evolved Their Most Perplexing Feature at Least 6 Million Years Ago.” CNN, 30 June 2022, www.cnn.com/2022/06/30/asia/ancient-panda-bamboo-thumb-sixth-digit-scn/index.html.

Krause, Johannes, et al. “Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the miocene-pliocene boundary.” BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 8, no. 1, 28 July 2008, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-220.

Pruitt-Young, Sharon. “Finally Some Good News! China Says Giant Pandas Are No Longer Endangered.” NPR, NPR, 9 July 2021, www.npr.org/2021/07/09/1014593425/china-giant-pandas-endangered-vulnerable-iucn#:~:text=The%20International%20Union%20for%20Conservation%20of%20Nature%20removed%20giant%20pandas,officials%20challenged%20at%20the%20time.

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http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast

www.facebook.com/bearsandbrewspodcast

www.instagram.com/bearsandbrewspodcast

https://henrysforkwildlifealliance.org/

https://islandparkbears.org/

Unlicensed photos used with permission by: P. Strickland, T. Jorgensen, M. Kluckhohn

Sources Cited:

Bartlett, Amanda. “Beavers Released into California Wild for the First Time in 75 Years.” SF Gate, 2023, www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/california-beavers-released-in-wild-18569060.php. 

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Links We Discussed:

Yellowstone Wolf Pack Info

Sources Cited:

“How Do Wolves Communicate? International Wolf Center.” International Wolf Center | Teaching the World about Wolves., 25 Apr. 2023, wolf.org/wolf-info/basic-wolf-info/biology-and-behavior/communication/#:~:text=Wolves’%20vocalizations%20can%20be%20separated,is%20used%20as%20a%20warning.

Murie, Adolph. The Wolves of Mount McKinley. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1944.

“New California Wolf Packs in Lassen and Plumas Counties Named.” Lake County News, 31 Jan. 2024, lakeconews.com/news/77687-new-california-wolf-packs-in-lassen-and-plumas-counties-named#:~:text=The%20Beyem%20Seyo%20pack%20has,of%20two%20adults%20and%20six.

Smith, Douglas W., and Gary Ferguson. Decade of the Wolf: Returning the Wild to Yellowstone. Lyons Press, 2012.

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Links We Discussed:

Draft Recovery Plan for Lynx

Bobcat Management Plan in New York State

Sources Cited:

“Canada Lynx Draft Recovery Plan Available for Public Review & Comment: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.” FWS.Gov, 1 Dec. 2023, www.fws.gov/press-release/2023-12/canada-lynx-draft-recovery-plan-available-public-review-comment.

“New York DEC Releases Updated Bobcat Management Plan for Public Comment.” Outdoor News, 18 Jan. 2024, www.outdoornews.com/2024/01/18/new-york-dec-releases-updated-bobcat-management-plan-for-public-comment/.

Peterson, Christine. “Carnivores and Scavengers Could Help Reduce CWD.” WyoFile, 27 Dec. 2023, wyofile.com/carnivores-and-scavengers-could-help-reduce-cwd/#:~:text=have%20been%20promising.-,Only%202%25%20of%20the%20chronic%20wasting%20disease%20prions%20that%20go,three%20there’s%20none%20at%20all.

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Links We Discussed:

Wolves of Mt. McKinley, Adolph Murie

Decade of the Wolf, Doug Smith and Gary Ferguson

Isle Royale Wolf Project

The Secret Lives of Fish-eating, Beaver-ambushing Wolves of Minnesota

Island of the Sea Wolves

Wolf Books by Rick McIntyre

Sources Cited:

“Gray Wolf.” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 25 Apr. 2023, www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/wolves.htm.

Mech, L. David. “Longevity in Wild Wolves.” Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 69, no. 1, 25 Feb. 1988, pp. 197–198, https://doi.org/10.2307/1381776.

Premo, Alyssa. “History and Distribution of the Gray Wolf in the Pacific Northwest.” Wolves in The State of Oregon, blogs.oregonstate.edu/wolves/history-and-distribution-of-the-gray-wolf-in-the-pacific-northwest/.

“United States: International Wolf Center.” International Wolf Center | Teaching the World about Wolves., 17 Dec. 2021, wolf.org/wow/united-states/.

Williams, Ted. “America’s New War on Wolves and Why It Must Be Stopped.” Yale Environment360, Yale School of Environment, 17 Feb. 2022, e360.yale.edu/features/americas-new-war-on-wolves-and-why-it-must-be-stopped#:~:text=By%201926%20all%20wolves%20had,reintroduction%20from%20the%20get%2Dgo.

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Sources Cited:

“Brucellosis in Wyoming Wildlife.” Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 2024, wgfd.wyo.gov/Wildlife-in-Wyoming/More-Wildlife/Wildlife-Disease/Brucellosis#:~:text=Brucellosis%20is%20a%20bacterial%20disease,pregnancies%20but%20diminish%20over%20time.

“Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD).” Department of Health, New York State, Nov. 2011, www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/zoonoses/cwd.htm#:~:text=What%20is%20chronic%20wasting%20disease,changes%2C%20excessive%20salivation%20and%20death.

“Elk Population by State (Estimates and Info).” Wildlife Informer, 10 Jan. 2021, wildlifeinformer.com/elk-population-by-state/.

Koshmrl, Mike. “Historic Die-off at Wyoming Elk Feedground Prompts Management Changes.” WyoFile, 13 Nov. 2023, wyofile.com/historic-die-off-at-wyoming-elk-feedground-prompts-management-changes/.

Peterson, Christine. “25 Years after Returning to Yellowstone, Wolves Have Helped Stabilize the Ecosystem.” National Geographic, 3 May 2021, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/yellowstone-wolves-reintroduction-helped-stabilize-ecosystem?rnd=1705561538423&loggedin=true.

The University of Montana. "How wolf predation shapes elk antler evolution." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 5 September 2018. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/09/180905113232.htm>.

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Sources Cited:

Spencer, Janet. Yellowstone Trivia Including Crossword Puzzles, Quote Quests, Word Games & More. Riverbend Pub., 2006. 

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Sources Cited:

Bryant, Charles, and Josh Clark. “What Saved the American Bison.” Stuff You Should Know, iHeart Media, 3 Nov. 2022, https://omny.fm/shows/stuff-you-should-know-1/what-saved-the-american-bison

Clark, Carolf. “Buffalo Slaughter Left Lasting Impact on Indigenous Peoples.” Emory University, news.emory.edu/stories/2023/08/esc_bison_impact_24-08-2023/story.html. Accessed 23 Aug. 2023.

Danielle, Mamers. “Historical Photo of Mountain of Bison Skulls Documents Animals on the Brink of Extinction.” The Conversation, 21 Sept. 2023, theconversation.com/historical-photo-of-mountain-of-bison-skulls-documents-animals-on-the-brink-of-extinction-148780.

Ehrlick, Darrell. “Environmental Groups Criticize Bison Hunt near Yellowstone National Park.” Great Falls Tribune, Partner Content, 9 Mar. 2023, www.greatfallstribune.com/story/news/2023/03/09/environmental-groups-criticize-bison-hunt-yellowstone-national-park/69990940007/.

Gammon, Katharine. “Bison Slaughter’s Destructive Legacy for Native Americans.” Inside Science, 1 Mar. 2018, www.insidescience.org/news/bison-slaughter%E2%80%99s-destructive-legacy-native-americans.

Gwadzinski. “The Photo That Saved the Bison in Yellowstone.” Yellowstone National Park, 14 June 2023, www.yellowstonepark.com/park/conservation/photo-saved-bison/.

Kuhn, Kristen, and Shana Drimal. “Where the Buffalo Roam.” Voices of Greater Yellowstone, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. 7 Sept. 2022, https://greateryellowstone.org/podcast/10

Merchant, Carolyn. American Environmental History: An Introduction. Columbia University Press, 2007.

“People and Bison.” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 25 Sept. 2023, www.nps.gov/subjects/bison/people.htm.

“Yellowstone Buffalo Slaughter History.” Buffalo Field Campaign - West Yellowstone, Montana, www.buffalofieldcampaign.org/yellowstone-buffalo-slaughter-history.

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Links We Discussed:

CPW Wolf Resource Guide: https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/Wolves/Wolf_Hands-on_Resource_Guide_Depredation_Prevention.pdf

How Wolves Change Rivers: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W88Sact1kws

Sources Cited:

Beschta, Bob, and William Ripple. “Studies Confirm Effect of Wolves, Elk on Tree Recovery in Yellowstone National Park.” Oregon State University, 25 Apr. 2016, today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2016/apr/studies-confirm-effect-wolves-elk-tree-recovery-yellowstone-national-park#:~:text=Elk%20numbers%20in%20Yellowstone%20have,to%20less%20than%205%2C000%20today.

Blumhardt, Miles. “Colorado Releases 5 Wolves in Reintroduction Program Approved by Voters.” USA Today, Gannett Satellite Information Network, 19 Dec. 2023, www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/12/19/colorado-wolves-reintroduction-program-voters/71968648007/.

Hesse, Tom. “What Does the Reintroduction of Wolves Mean for Colorado’s Deer and Elk Herds?” Colorado Public Radio, 24 July 2023, www.cpr.org/2023/07/24/colorado-wolf-reintroduction-deer-elk/.

Reichard, Kevin. “More Wolves = Fewer Elk = Yellowstone Aspen Comeback.” Yellowstone Insider, 4 Sept. 2018, yellowstoneinsider.com/2018/09/04/wolves-fewer-elk-yellowstone-aspen-comeback/.

Sowards, Adam. “The Slaughter of Elk at Yellowstone National Park .” JSTOR Daily, 18 Aug. 2021, daily.jstor.org/the-slaughter-of-elk-at-yellowstone-national-park/.

“Status of Colorado’s Deer, Elk, and Moose Populations .” Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Feb. 2020,

cpw.state.co.us/Documents/Hunting/BigGame/Colorado_Big_Game_Population_Status_and_Management_Summary2_2020.pdf.

Vanhoozer, Dane. “Elk Culling | Articles | Colorado Encyclopedia.” Colorado Encyclopedia, History Colorado, coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elk-culling.

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Sources Cited:

Oppermann, Daniela, et al. “Rod-cone based color vision in seals under photopic conditions.” Vision Research, vol. 125, 2016, pp. 30–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2016.04.009.

Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., editors. Neuroscience. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001. Cones and Color Vision. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11059/

Scholtyssek, Christine, et al. “Why do seals have cones? behavioural evidence for colour-blindness in harbour seals.” Animal Cognition, vol. 18, no. 2, 2014, pp. 551–560, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-014-0823-3.

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Sources Cited:

Coffey, Rebecca. “Bison versus Mammoths: New Culprit in the Disappearance of North America’s Giants.” Scientific American, 1 Mar. 2011.

Dekel, Yaron, et al. “Dispersal of an ancient retroposon in the TP53 promoter of Bovidae: Phylogeny, novel mechanisms, and potential implications for cow milk persistency.” BMC Genomics, vol. 16, no. 1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-1235-8.

Harington, C.R. “Mammoths, Bison and time in North America.” Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, 1984, pp. 299–309, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5446(08)70078-5.

Mintoo, Abdul Awal, et al. “Draft genome of the River Water Buffalo.” Ecology and Evolution, vol. 9, no. 6, 2019, pp. 3378–3388, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4965.

“Plains Bison (BISON BISON BISON.” U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service, www.fws.gov/species/plains-bison-bison-bison-bison.

White, P.J, and Katrina L. Auttelet. Yellowstone Bison Conserving an American Icon in Modern Society. Yellowstone Association, 2015.

“Wood Bison Restoration in Alaska.” Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 2023, www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=woodbisonrestoration.herdupdates#:~:text=With%20the%20addition%20of%2028,150%20in%20November%20of%202022.

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Links We Discussed:

https://www.bearsmart.com/play/bear-encounters/

https://www.nps.gov/subjects/bears/safety.htm

Sources Cited:

Eggert, Amanda. “BLM Bans Cyanide Bombs Used to Control Predators.” Montana Free Press, 28 Nov. 2023, montanafreepress.org/2023/11/28/blm-bans-cyanide-bombs-used-to-control-predators/#:~:text=The%20decision%20comes%20after%20conservation,245%20million%20acres%20it%20administers.&amp;text=The%20Bureau%20of%20Land%20Management%20has%20banned%20the%20use%20of,a%20minimum%20of%20five%20years.

Herrero, Stephen. Bear Attacks: Their Causes and Avoidance. Lyons Press, 2018.

Juhlin, Ellis. “Judge Orders Shorter Wolf Trapping Season to Protect Grizzly Bears in Montana.” Montana Public Radio, 1 Dec. 2023, www.mtpr.org/montana-news/2023-11-30/groups-ask-court-to-shorten-trapping-season-to-protect-grizzly-bears.

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Links We Discussed:

https://www.bearsmart.com/play/bear-encounters/

https://www.heybear.com/pages/bear-education

https://www.wolfenoot.com/

Sources Cited:

“73-Year-Old Man Attacked by Bear While Hiking in Eastern Idaho.” KTVB7, 1 June 2020, www.ktvb.com/article/sports/outdoors/73-year-old-man-attacked-by-bear-while-hiking-in-eastern-idaho/277-cbf922ee-5291-4e1e-bf09-7160581fb9c8.

“Bear-Inflicted Human Injuries and Fatalities in Yellowstone.” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 19 Nov. 2022, www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/injuries.htm.

Bombieri, G., et al. “Brown bear attacks on humans: A worldwide perspective.” Scientific Reports, vol. 9, no. 1, 12 June 2019, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44341-w.

Chappell, Bill. “The Couple Killed by a Bear in Banff Were Able to Send an SOS Text: ‘Bear Attack Bad.’” NPR, NPR, 6 Oct. 2023, www.npr.org/2023/10/06/1203928437/couple-grizzly-bear-attack-banff-sent-message.

Fike, Ellen. “West Yellowstone Man Found To Be At Fault For Fatal Grizzly Attack.” Cowboy State Daily, 10 Aug. 2021.

“Grizzly Bear Blamed for Fatal Montana Mauling and Idaho Attack Is Killed after Breaking into a House.” KTVB7, 7 Sept. 2023, www.ktvb.com/article/news/regional/grizzly-bear-killed-montana-mauling-idaho-2020-attack/277-da863e19-761e-4086-a615-3a5ac7a2d2b5.

Herrero, Stephen, et al. “Fatal attacks by American black bear on people: 1900–2009.” The Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 75, no. 3, 2011, pp. 596–603, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.72.

McMillion, Scott. Mark of the Grizzly: Revised and Updated with More Stories of Recent Bear Attacks and the Hard Lessons Learned. Lyons Press, 2020.

Penteriani, Vincenzo, et al. “Human behaviour can trigger large carnivore attacks in developed countries.” Scientific Reports, vol. 6, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2016, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20552.

Snow, Kathleen. Taken by Bear in Yellowstone: More than a Century of Harrowing Encounters between Grizzlies and Humans. Lyons Press, 2016.

Whittlesey, Lee H. Death in Yellowstone: Accidents and Foolhardiness in the First National Park. Roberts Rinehart Publishers, an Imprint of Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc., 2014.

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Links We Discussed:

https://awesomeocean.com/top-stories/12-ways-can-help-sea-otters/

https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/mammals/sea_otter/index.html

https://defenders.org/wildlife/sea-otter

https://environmentamerica.org/articles/the-next-steps-to-protect-southern-sea-otters/

https://marine-conservation.org/sea-otters/

https://theotterproject.org/protecting-habitat

Sources Cited:

Beichman, Annabel C, et al. “Aquatic adaptation and depleted diversity: A deep dive into the genomes of the sea otter and Giant Otter.” Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 36, no. 12, 18 June 2019, pp. 2631–2655, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz101.

Brown, Elizabeth Anne. “Wolves Hunt Sea Otters and Seals, a Startling Find.” Animals, National Geographic, 14 Nov. 2023, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/alaska-wolves-hunting-seals-sea-otters#:~:text=While%20many%20of%20us%20picture,Alaska%2C%20a%20new%20study%20says.

“Evolution Fast Track: Otter Genetic History Provides Clues for Future Recovery.” Smithsonian’s National Zoo, 21 June 2019, nationalzoo.si.edu/center-for-conservation-genomics/news/evolution-fast-track-otter-genetic-history-provides-clues-for.

Schrodt, Leah. “Sea Otters Are Unlikely Helpers in Our Fight against Climate Change: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.” FWS.Gov, 15 Sept. 2022, www.fws.gov/story/2022-09/sea-otters-are-unlikely-helpers-our-fight-against-climate-change.

“Sea Otter Natural History.” Sea Otter Savvy, 2023, www.seaottersavvy.org/sea-otter-natural-history.

“Southern Sea Otter (Enhydra Lutris Nereis): U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.” Fish and Wildlife Service, 2022, www.fws.gov/species/southern-sea-otter-enhydra-lutris-nereis.

“Southern Sea Otter.” Marine Mammal Commission, 30 Jan. 2023, www.mmc.gov/priority-topics/species-of-concern/southern-sea-otter/.

Timm-Davis, Lori L., and Christopher D. Marshall. “Taxonomy and evolution of sea otters.” Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Sea Otters and Polar Bears, 2021, pp. 11–22, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66796-2_2. 

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Links We Discussed:

https://bearwise.org/bear-safety-tips/bear-encounter/

https://www.heybear.com/

https://igbconline.org/programs/bear-resistant-products/

https://www.limitlesshiker.com/blog/your-guide-to-bear-safety-while-hiking/

https://www.recsafewithwildlife.com/

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Links We Discussed:

https://www.bbcearth.com/news/saving-a-conservation-icon-the-polar-bear

https://www.mmc.gov/priority-topics/species-of-concern/polar-bear/

https://polarbearsinternational.org/

Sources Cited:

Corbley, Andy. “‘Life Finds a Way’: Polar Bears Successfully Adapt Even without as Much Sea Ice.” Good News Network, 29 June 2022, www.goodnewsnetwork.org/greenland-polar-bears-hunt-on-freshwater-ice-as-adaptation/.

Leon, Lydia. “Good News on Polar Bears, but Let’s Stay Cautious.” New Humanist, 11 Aug. 2022, newhumanist.org.uk/articles/6004/good-news-on-polar-bears-but-lets-stay-cautious.

Orndorf, Nathaniel, et al. “Polar Bear Paw Pad surface roughness and its relevance to contact mechanics on snow.” Journal of The Royal Society Interface, vol. 19, no. 196, 2 Nov. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2022.0466.

WWF Global Arctic Programme. “Good News for Polar Bears in Canada’s Central Arctic.” WWF Arctic, 13 Nov. 2020, www.arcticwwf.org/newsroom/features/good-news-for-polar-bears-in-canadas-central-arctic/.

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Sources Cited:

Larkin, Coleman. “Meet Our New Mascot: Cocaine Bear.” KY for KY Store, 19 Aug. 2015, kyforky.com/blogs/journal/cocaine-bear.

Massie, Graeme. “Cocaine Bear: True Story of Infamous Bear Who Consumed Duffel Bag of Cocaine and Got Hollywood Treatment.” The Independent, 28 Feb. 2023, www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/the-real-story-of-cocaine-bear-b2290895.html. 

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Links We Discussed:

projectcoyote.org/take-action/promote-coexistence/

https://projectcoyote.org/resources/download-and-share/

https://www.humanesociety.org/resources/coyote-hazing

https://www.predatordefense.org/coyotes.htm

https://www.predatordefense.org/docs/coyotes_management_coexistence_plan_HSUS.pdf

https://www.predatordefense.org/docs/coyotes_conflict_solutions_HSUS.pdf

https://www.predatordefense.org/docs/coyotes_management_coexistence_plan_HSUS.pdf

https://urbancoyoteresearch.com/

Sources Cited:

Berger, Kim Murray. “Carnivore‐Livestock conflicts: Effects of subsidized predator control and economic correlates on the sheep industry.” Conservation Biology, vol. 20, no. 3, 2006, pp. 751–761, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00336.x.

Comeleo, Randy. “Using Coyotes to Protect Livestock. Wait. What?” OSU Extension Service, June 2018, extension.oregonstate.edu/animals-livestock/sheep-goats/using-coyotes-protect-livestock-wait-what.

“Conflicts: A Research Perspective.” Conflicts: A Research Perspective | Urban Coyote Research, 2023, urbancoyoteresearch.com/coyote-info/conflicts-research-perspective.

Frauenthal, Virginia M., et al. “Retrospective evaluation of Coyote attacks in dogs: 154 cases (1997–2012).” Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, vol. 27, no. 3, 2017, pp. 333–341, https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.12601.

Milman, Oliver. “‘A Barbaric Federal Program’: US Killed 1.75m Animals Last Year – or 200 per Hour.” The Guardian, 25 Mar. 2022, www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/25/us-government-wildlife-services-animals-deaths.

Ravisetti, Monisha. “Scientists Now Know Why Coyotes Unexpectedly Killed a Human in 2009.” CNET, 18 Dec. 2022,

www.cnet.com/science/biology/scientists-now-know-why-coyotes-unexpectedly-killed-a-human-in-2009/.

Way, Jon. “Biological Mechanisms for Why Killing Coyotes/Coywolves Doesn’t Work.” The Wildlife News, 7 Oct. 2011, www.thewildlifenews.com/2011/10/07/biological-mechanisms-for-why-killing-coyotescoywolves-doesn%E2%80%99t-work/.

Wuerthner, George. “Coyote Killing Is Counter-Productive.” Idaho Mountain Express Newspaper, 12 Sept. 2018, www.mtexpress.com/opinion/guest_opinions/coyote-killing-is-counter-productive/article_628b242e-b610-11e8-a52a-0b85cbf12b08.html/predators.htm. 

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Links We Discussed:

Ten Essentials: https://www.nps.gov/articles/10essentials.htm

Leave No Trace Principles: https://lnt.org/why/7-principles/

Recommended Gear List: https://www.rei.com/lists/418101064

(We do NOT earn any compensation from REI or associated brands. We just truly love the stuff on the list!)

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Links We Discussed:

https://projectcoyote.org/

https://www.predatordefense.org/coyotes.htm

https://urbancoyoteresearch.com/

Sources Cited:

Black, Riley. How Extinction Changed the Coyote, Scientific American, 12 Oct. 2016, blogs.scientificamerican.com/laelaps/how-extinction-changed-the-coyote/.

Bryant, Charles, and Josh Clark. “How Coyotes Work.” Stuff You Should Know, iHeart Media, 21 Oct. 2022, https://stuffyoushouldknow.com/episode/how-coyotes-work/.

Calfa, John, and Stephen Rivera. The Wolf Connection, 17 June 2022, https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/episode-80-project-coyote-promoting-compassionate-conservation/id1521180246?i=1000566875778.

“Coyote.” Project Coyote, 31 May 2023, projectcoyote.org/carnivores/coyote/#kill.

Draheim, Megan M. “Why Killing Coyotes Doesn’t Make Livestock Safer.” Scientific American, 31 May 2017, www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-killing-coyotes-doesn-rsquo-t-make-livestock-safer/.

Flores, Dan. Coyote America: A Natural and Supernatural History. Basic Books, 2017.

Goldman, Jason G. “Urban Coyote Evolution Favors the Bold.” Scientific American, 11 Apr. 2019, www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/urban-coyote-evolution-favors-the-bold/.

Kobilinsky, Dana. “To Chart Coyotes’ Expansion, Study Looks Back 10,000 Years.” The Wildlife Society, 8 Jan. 2023, wildlife.org/to-chart-coyotes-expansion-study-looks-back-10000-years/.

Meachen, Julie A., et al. “Ecological changes in coyotes (canis latrans) in response to the ice age megafaunal extinctions.” National Academy of Science, vol. 9, no. 12, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116041.

Terry, Lynne. “State Wildlife Officials Ban Wildlife Killing Contests on Public Land.” Oregon Capital Chronicle, 19 Sept. 2023, oregoncapitalchronicle.com/2023/09/19/state-wildlife-officials-ban-wildlife-killing-contests-on-public-land/#:~:text=The%20rule%20makes%20it%20%E2%80%9Cunlawful,New%20Mexico%2C%20Vermont%20and%20Washington. 

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Links We Discussed:

Video that sparked today’s talk: https://www.instagram.com/reel/CwsJ3ixLfb/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==

Find us on all the things: https://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast

Sources Cited:

“Grizzly Times: Bear Knowledge - Unique Yellowstone Grizzlies.” Grizzly Times, 2022, www.grizzlytimes.org/unique-yellowstone-grizzlies.

Mattson, D.J., et al. “Geophagy by Yellowstone Grizzly Bears.” Ursus, 1 Jan. 1999, pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70035162. 

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Links We Discussed:

https://katmaiconservancy.org/products/stuffy-bear-w-salmon-15-5

https://www.wcs.org/our-work/species/black-bears

Sources Cited:

“Black Bear Population by State.” World Population Review, Feb. 2023, worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/black-bear-population-by-state.

Bombieri, G., et al. “Brown Bear Attacks on Humans: A Worldwide Perspective.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 12 June 2019, www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44341-w.

Herrero, Stephen, et al. “Fatal attacks by American black bear on people: 1900–2009.” The Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 75, no. 3, 2011, pp. 596–603, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.72.

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Visit linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast while our website is under construction!

Links We Discussed:

https://defenders.org/sites/default/files/publications/collision_facts_and_figures.pdf

https://jhwildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/2021to2022_WVC_SummaryReport-1.pdf

https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/wyoming-impacts-of-roads-on-wildlife.pdf

Sources Cited:

Flores, Kimberly. “Cameras at Parleys Canyon Wildlife Overpass Show Plenty of Animal Traffic.” KPCW, 7 Feb. 2023, www.kpcw.org/park-city/2023-02-06/cameras-at-parleys-canyon-wildlife-overpass-show-plenty-of-animal-traffic.

Heinz, Mark. “Wyoming’s Beloved Grizzly 610 Struck by Semi; Languished by Road for Hours.” Cowboy State Daily, 10 Oct. 2023, cowboystatedaily.com/2023/10/10/wyomings-beloved-grizzly-610-struck-by-semi-languished-by-road-for-hours/.

Pace, Eliza. “Parley’s Canyon Wildlife Bridge Had 706 Animal Crossings in 2021.” KSLTV.Com, 4 Jan. 2022, ksltv.com/480573/animal-crossings-parleys-canyon-wildlife-bridge-had-706-animal-crossings-in-2021/.

Riginos, Corinna. “Impacts of Roadways on Wildlife in Wyoming.” The Nature Conservancy, 2022, www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/wyoming-impacts-of-roads-on-wildlife.pdf.

Seiler, A., and J. O. Helldin. “Mortality in wildlife due to transportation.” The Ecology of Transportation: Managing Mobility for the Environment, 2006, pp. 165–189, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4504-2_8.

Skroch, Matt, and Tom St. Hilaire. “Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions Are a Big and Costly Problem and Congress Can Help.” The Pew Charitable Trusts, 10 May 2021, www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2021/05/10/wildlife-vehicle-collisions-are-a-big-and-costly-problem-and-congress-can-help.

“Watch out for Wildlife Fact Sheet - Defenders of Wildlife.” Defenders of Wildlife, defenders.org/sites/default/files/publications/collision_facts_and_figures.pdf.

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Links we discussed:

https://cougarfund.org/about-the-cougar/historical-timeline/

https://greateryellowstone.org/podcast/09

https://mountainlion.org/

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/pumas-mountain-lions-cougars-society-social-cats-animals

https://ondisneyplus.disney.com/show/animals-up-close-with-bertie-gregory

https://projectcoyote.org/carnivores/mountain-lion/ 

https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/fa8dd05e49304258a169f218b66e77c4

Sources Cited:

Domingo, L., Tomassini, R. L., Montalvo, C. I., Sanz-Pérez, D., & Alberdi, M. T. (2020). The Great American Biotic Interchange Revisited: A new perspective from the stable isotope record of Argentine Pampas Fossil Mammals. Scientific Reports, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58575-6

Elbroch, L. M., Levy, M., Lubell, M., Quigley, H., & Caragiulo, A. (2017). Adaptive Social Strategies in a solitary carnivore. Science Advances, 3(10). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701218

Elbroch, L. M., O’Malley, C., Peziol, M., & Quigley, H. B. (2017). Vertebrate diversity benefiting from Carrion provided by Pumas and other subordinate, Apex Felids. Biological Conservation, 215, 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.026

Greshko, M. (2021, May 3). Once thought Loners, Cougars revealed to have rich society. Animals. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/pumas-mountain-lions-cougars-society-social-cats-animals

Hansen, K. (1995). Cougar the American lion. Northland Publishing.

Mammal with the most names. Guinness World Records. (2023). https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/78143-mammal-with-the-most-names

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Please rate, review, subscribe, and share!

Links we discussed:

https://cougarfund.org/about-the-cougar/historical-timeline/

https://mountainlion.org/

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/pumas-mountain-lions-cougars-society-social-cats-animals

https://projectcoyote.org/carnivores/mountain-lion/ 

https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/fa8dd05e49304258a169f218b66e77c4

Sources Cited:

Domingo, L., Tomassini, R. L., Montalvo, C. I., Sanz-Pérez, D., & Alberdi, M. T. (2020). The Great American Biotic Interchange Revisited: A new perspective from the stable isotope record of Argentine Pampas Fossil Mammals. Scientific Reports, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58575-6

Elbroch, L. M., Levy, M., Lubell, M., Quigley, H., & Caragiulo, A. (2017). Adaptive Social Strategies in a solitary carnivore. Science Advances, 3(10).

https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701218

Elbroch, L. M., O’Malley, C., Peziol, M., & Quigley, H. B. (2017). Vertebrate diversity benefiting from Carrion provided by Pumas and other subordinate, Apex Felids. Biological Conservation, 215, 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.026

Greshko, M. (2021, May 3). Once thought Loners, Cougars revealed to have rich society. Animals. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/pumas-mountain-lions-cougars-society-social-cats-animals

Hansen, K. (1995). Cougar the American lion. Northland Publishing.

Mammal with the most names. Guinness World Records. (2023). https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/78143-mammal-with-the-most-names

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https://www.fws.gov/story/wildlife-viewing

https://www.nps.gov/subjects/watchingwildlife/7ways.htm

https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1563/submit-a-tip.htm

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Links Mentioned:

https://explore.org/livecams

www.fatbearweek.org

https://www.friendsofmcneilriver.org/

https://katmaiconservancy.org/

https://www.nps.gov/katm/index.htm

Bears falling off Brooks Falls: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ad3Em2r7YMM

Short history of Fat Bear Week: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIRPPjfaHsA

Sources Cited:

Kaufman, M. (2022, October 9). The fat bears sense the world in an extraordinary way. Mashable. https://mashable.com/article/bear-sense-of-smell

Mangipane, L. S., Lafferty, D. J., Joly, K., Sorum, M. S., Cameron, M. D., Belant, J. L., Hilderbrand, G. V., & Gustine, D. D. (2020). Dietary plasticity and the importance of salmon to brown bear (Ursus arctos) body size and condition in a low Arctic ecosystem. Polar Biology, 43(7), 825–833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02690-7

Metz, R. (2021, October 2). Is that bear fat or just Chonky? lasers may help scientists find out | CNN business. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/02/tech/fat-bear-week-lidar-weight/index.html

U.S. Department of the Interior. (2020, December 29). Bear Nose. National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/teachers/classrooms/bear-nose.htm#:~:text=It’s%20a%20bear’s%20sense%20of,to%20this%20super%20sniffing%20ability%3F

U.S. Department of the Interior. (2021, April 16). Brown Bear Frequently asked questions. National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/katm/learn/photosmultimedia/brown-bear-frequently-asked-questions.htm#:~:text=A%20lot!,and%20eat%20considerably%20less%20fish.

U.S. Department of the Interior. (2023, September 21). Fat Bear Week. National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/katm/learn/fat-bear-week.htm 

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Sources:

Gerhold, Richard. “Elaeophorosis in Animals - Integumentary System.” Merck Veterinary Manual, Merck & Co, Sept. 2019, www.merckvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/helminths-of-the-skin/elaeophorosis-in-animals.

Lambert, Lauren Owens. “As Maine’s Winters Shorten, Tiny Ticks Threaten State’s Mighty Moose.” U.S. News and World Report, 28 Oct. 2022, www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2022-10-28/as-maines-winters-shorten-tiny-ticks-threaten-states-mighty-moose.

Stahler, Daniel R, et al. “Foraging and Feeding Ecology of the Gray Wolf (Canis lupus): Lessons from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA.” The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 136, no. 7, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.7.1923s.

Wolf, Tiffany M., et al. “NEONATE HEALTH AND CALF MORTALITY IN A DECLINING POPULATION OF NORTH AMERICAN MOOSE (ALCES ALCES AMERICANUS).” Journal of Wildlife Diseases, vol. 57, no. 1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.7589/jwd-d-20-00049.

Zuckerman, Laura. “Brain-Attacking Worm Linked to Decline of Wyoming Moose.” Reuters, Reuters, 7 Oct. 2011, www.reuters.com/article/us-moose-wyoming/brain-attacking-worm-linked-to-decline-of-wyoming-moose-idUSTRE79706B20111008. 

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Links We Discussed:

https://www.cambridgeblog.org/2020/11/the-relationship-between-bears-and-humans/

https://greateryellowstone.org/

https://www.vitalground.org/

https://y2y.net/

Sources:

Blood, D. (2002). Grizzly Bears In British Columbia. British Columbia Ministry of Water Land and Air Protection. http://wwwt.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/grzzlybear.pdf

Kumar, V., Lammers, F., Bidon, T. et al. The evolutionary history of bears is characterized by gene flow across species. Sci Rep 7, 46487 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46487

Wang, MS., Murray, G.G.R., Mann, D. et al. A polar bear paleogenome reveals extensive ancient gene flow from polar bears into brown bears. Nat Ecol Evol6, 936–944 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01753-8

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Sources:

Kumar, V., Lammers, F., Bidon, T. et al. The evolutionary history of bears is characterized by gene flow across species. Sci Rep 7, 46487 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46487

The eight (8) bear species of the world: Bear with us. Bear With Us | Black Bear Rehabilitation, Education, Research, Bear Facts. (2020, February 6). https://bearwithus.org/8-bears-of-the-world/ 

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