This episode is the final episode of a 10 part series on common children's presentations to pharmacies. Episode 10 will inform you about colds and coughs: causes, transmission, prevention and treatment. I discuss the evidence of common and readily available treatments from pharmacies and their place in treatment. I also educate on the role of vitamins and health supplements in treating cough and cold. There is plenty of advice on non-pharmacological treatments, most of which you have and can do from you home. Always, there are reasons for referral and when to seek urgent medical attention.

Resources:

Colds aged 0-5. American Academy of Paediatrics. publications.aap.org/patiented/article-abstract/doi/10.1542/ppe_schmitt_047/82306/Colds-Age-0-5?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Cough. The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Cough

Respiratory Cough. Therapeutic Guidelines Australia. tg.org.au

The common cold in children management and prevention. UpToDate. uptodate.com

Viral illnesses. The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/viral_illnesses

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Insect bites are very common in Australia, particularly mosquito bites. This episode's topics include virus' from mosquito bites, how to prevent mosquitoes around the house, the evidence behind insect repellents available from supermarkets and pharmacies, and the limited evidence around repellents such as oils, herbs and foods. There is information around the use of sunscreen and insect repellents, as well as instances to seek medical attention.

Resources:

Insect Bite. American Academy of Paediatrics. publications.aap.org/patiented/article-abstract/doi/10.1542/ppe_schmitt_143/82361/Insect-Bite?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Insect repellents. UpToDate. Uptodate.com

Insect repellents – guidelines for safe use. The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Insect_repellents_guidelines_for_safe_use/

Insect Repellents What Parents Need To Know. American Academy of Paediatrics. publications.aap.org/patiented/article-abstract/doi/10.1542/peo_document061/80024/Insect-Repellents-What-Parents-Need-to-Know?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Japanese Encephalitis. Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. health.gov.au/diseases/japanese-encephalitis

Repellents: Protection against Mosquitoes, Ticks and Other Arthropods. Environmental Protection Agency. epa.gov/insect-repellents

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Sun protection is important for Australians, with having high rates of skin cancer. It is however, preventable by using appropriate sun protection. This episode talks about what is UV radiation and when sun protection is required according to UV index. I also discuss what is SPF and how to understand it around selecting a sunscreen. Other important discussions include how to be SunSmart, ingredients in sunscreen to look for, the importance of the different UV radiation waves, how to apply sunscreen correctly and when to see doctor.

Resources:

Primary prevention of skin cancer: a review of sun protection in Australia and internationally. Health Promotion International. academic.oup.com/heapro/article/19/3/369/662431?login=false

Protect you skin. SunSmart. sunsmart.com.au/protect-your-skin

Skincare for babies. The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Skincare_for_babies_and_young_children/

Sunburn. American Academy of Paediatrics. publications.aap.org/patiented/article-abstract/doi/10.1542/ppe_schmitt_232/82474/Sunburn?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Sunburn. British Medical Journal- Best Practice Guidelines. bestpractice.bmj.com.acs.hcn.com.au/topics/en-gb/613

Sunburn Injuries Admitted to Burn Services in Australia and New Zealand. JAMA Dermatology. jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/2779640

Sun: Sun protection. The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Safety_Sun_protection/

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Conjunctivitis is a common eye infection in children under 5 years of age. It can present in three different ways; bacterial, vial or allergic, and there are certain symptoms to look out for that may indicate you need. This episode details the signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis, treatment and differentials. There are ways to help reduce the spread of infections and a guide for how to protect those in childcare and schools.

Resources:

Acute Red Eye. Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne- Clinical Practice Guidelines. rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Acute_red_eye/

Conjunctivitis. British Medical Journal- Best Practice Guidelines. bmj.com

Conjunctivitis. Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/conjunctivitis/

Conjunctivitis. Therapeutic Guidelines. tg.org.au

Conjunctivitis in Children. UpToDate. Uptodate.com

Red eye/Pinkeye. American Academy of Paediatrics. publications.aap.org/pediatriccare/article-abstract/doi/10.1542/aap.ppcqr.396107/1547/Red-Eye-Pinkeye?redirectedFrom=fulltext

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On this episode you will learn what are worms, how to identify them and treatments available from your pharmacy, including if they are safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding. There will be information on how to prevent spreading of worms and reducing the risk of re-infection. Plenty of do's and dont's addresses and myths busted about worms. Always at the end, referral points to seek further medication attention.

Resources:

Anal itching. American Academy of Paediatrics. doi.org/10.1542/ppe_schmitt_007

Australian Medicines Handbook Children’s Dosing Companion. childrens.amh.net.au

Pinworms. American Academy of Paediatrics. doi.org/10.1542/pir.16-7-247

Threadworm. Therapeutic Guidelines Australia. tg.org.au

Worm infections. Australian Medicines Handbook. amhonline.amh.net.au/

Worms. The Royal Children’s Hospital Australia. rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Worms/

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Episode 5 navigates the topic of nappy rash, with topics discussed to include what nappy rash might look like and what you may expect to see if it worsens or develops into something else. How you can maybe reduce the risk of a child getting nappy rash, including things you can do from home. There are things to avoid that and that could worsen the rash. Treatment options available are discussed, and when to seek further medical attention.

Resources:

Diaper Rash. American Academy of Paediatrics. publications.aap.org/pediatriccare/article-abstract/doi/10.1542/aap.ppcqr.396155/1621/Diaper-Rash?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Nappy rash. Therapeutic Guidelines of Australia. tgldcdp.tg.org.au.acs.hcn.com.au/viewTopic?topicfile=c_DMG_Nappy-rash_topic_1&guidelineName=Dermatology&topicNavigation=navigateTopic

Nappy rash. The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Nappy_rash/

Nappy rash. British Medical Journal- Best Practice. bestpractice.bmj.com.acs.hcn.com.au/topics/en-gb/676

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This episode of pharmacy for me looks at pain and fever. I discuss what is a fever and how do you measure it accurately, what the most accurate temperature measuring device is and what age you can use them from, what not to use and do when a child has a fever, treatments and referrals.

Resources:

Assessment of fever in children. British Medical Journal Best Practice. bestpractice.bmj.com.acs.hcn.com.au/topics/en-gb/692

Febrile child. The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne- Clinical Practice Guidelines. rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Febrile_child/

Fever ages 0-5. American Academy of Paediatrics. doi.org/10.1542/ppe_schmitt_105

Fever in children. The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Fever_in_children/

Fever in under 5s: assessment and initial management. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). nice.org.uk/guidance/ng143

Identifying And Treating Children’s Pain. Australian Journal of Pharmacy. ajp.com.au/news/identifying-and-treating-childrens-pain/

Influences on parents’ fever management: beliefs, experiences and information sources. Journal of Clinical Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01890.x

Pain relief for children – paracetamol and ibuprofen. The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne. rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Pain_relief_for_children/

Studying the Accuracy and Function of Different Thermometry Techniques for Measuring Body Temperature. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/12/1327

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Resources from this episode:

Colic. Paediatrics in Review. doi.org/10.1542/pir.27-9-357

Colic: best practice. BMJ by the British Medical Association. bmj.com

Crying and Your Baby: How to Calm a Fussy or Colicky Baby. American Academy of Paediatrics- Paediatric Patient Education. https://doi.org/10.1542/peo_document223

Infantile colic clinical features and diagnosis. Up-To-Date. Uptodate.com.au

Reducing medications in infants. Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne.

rch.org.au/hsru/research/Reducing_medications_in_infants/#parent-handouts

The period of purple crying. National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome (US based). purplecrying.info/what-is-the-period-of-purple-crying.php

Unsettled or crying babies. Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne- Clinical Practice Guidelines. rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Crying_Baby_Infant_Distress/

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Resources from this episode:

A clinical and safety review of paracetamol and ibuprofen in children. Inflammopharmacology via PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28063133

Impact of parental misconceptions on management of teething pain. Australian Journal of Pharmacy. ajp.com.au

Implementing evidence-based practice. Victorian Department of Health. health.vic.gov.au/patient-care/implementing-evidence-based-practice

National Health and Medical Research Council levels of evidence and grades for recommendations for developers of guidelines. nhmrc.gov.au/sites/default/files/images/NHMRC%20Levels%20and%20Grades%20(2009).pdf

Oral and dental issues for children: Therapeutic Guidelines Australia

Over-the-counter medication in children: friend or foe?. NPS Medicinewise. nps.org.au/australian-prescriber/articles/over-the-counter-medication-in-children-friend-or-foe

Parental Myths, Beliefs, Awareness and Practices Regarding Teething in Infants. Annals Of Punjab Medical College. apmcfmu.com/index.php/apmc/article/view/920

Teeth development in children. Better Health Channel by Victorian Department of Health. betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/teeth-development-in-children

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This is an introduction episode to outline what the podcast is about, what to expect and a bit about me.

Listen in to see where the podcast idea come from, the reasons why I think it will be ever so helpful for you, but most importantly how pharmacists can help you in medical decision making.

Until next time...

Katie.

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