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		<title>Pseudoscience, Fake News and How to Fight Back</title>
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		<copyright>Robert Pyrah and Marius Turda</copyright>
		<itunes:keywords>Fake news,Central Europe,Eastern Europe,politics,Brexit,illiberalism,liberalism,culture,education,media</itunes:keywords>
		<itunes:author>Robert Pyrah and Marius Turda</itunes:author>
		<itunes:subtitle>Weaponizing illiberal politics in East-Central Europe</itunes:subtitle>
		<itunes:summary><![CDATA[<p><strong>Fake News is everywhere - but what to do about it?</strong></p><br><p>Leading thinkers on politics and beyond in East-Central Europe discuss how history and science have become weaponized to support illiberal agendas. This is a lively, urgent contribution to the understanding of pseudoscience, and uses / abuses of history. In conversation with regional experts, Dr Robert Pyrah and Prof. Marius Turda. Supported by the Royal Institution, Open Society Foundation and Oxford Brookes University. New Episodes monthly.</p><br><p><strong>Listen on Apple, Spotify, YouTube, Amazon or Acast. </strong></p><br><p>Audio editing by <a href="https://www.audio-cleaning-online.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.audio-cleaning-online.com/</a></p><hr><p style='color:grey; font-size:0.75em;'> Hosted on Acast. See <a style='color:grey;' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer' href='https://acast.com/privacy'>acast.com/privacy</a> for more information.</p>]]></itunes:summary>
		<description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Fake News is everywhere - but what to do about it?</strong></p><br><p>Leading thinkers on politics and beyond in East-Central Europe discuss how history and science have become weaponized to support illiberal agendas. This is a lively, urgent contribution to the understanding of pseudoscience, and uses / abuses of history. In conversation with regional experts, Dr Robert Pyrah and Prof. Marius Turda. Supported by the Royal Institution, Open Society Foundation and Oxford Brookes University. New Episodes monthly.</p><br><p><strong>Listen on Apple, Spotify, YouTube, Amazon or Acast. </strong></p><br><p>Audio editing by <a href="https://www.audio-cleaning-online.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.audio-cleaning-online.com/</a></p><hr><p style='color:grey; font-size:0.75em;'> Hosted on Acast. See <a style='color:grey;' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer' href='https://acast.com/privacy'>acast.com/privacy</a> for more information.</p>]]></description>
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			<itunes:name>Robert Pyrah and Marius Turda</itunes:name>
			<itunes:email>info+610d3ba40b311f0013498518@mg-eu.acast.com</itunes:email>
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		<acast:showUrl>pseudoscience</acast:showUrl>
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        <acast:network id="610d3ba40b311f0013498519" slug="robert-pyrah"><![CDATA[Robert Pyrah]]></acast:network>
		<itunes:type>episodic</itunes:type>
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				<link>https://shows.acast.com/pseudoscience</link>
				<title>Pseudoscience, Fake News and How to Fight Back</title>
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			<title>Timothy Garton Ash: Poland, Hungary and beyond</title>
			<itunes:title>Timothy Garton Ash: Poland, Hungary and beyond</itunes:title>
			<pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2022 10:00:42 GMT</pubDate>
			<itunes:duration>47:01</itunes:duration>
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			<itunes:subtitle>The illiberal challenge</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
			<itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
			<itunes:episode>7</itunes:episode>
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			<description><![CDATA[Timothy Garton Ash, an international authority on Central Europe and renowned 'historian of the present', joins Robert Pyrah in the closing episode of the series. This is a summative and wide-ranging conversation on the challenge of illiberalism in Poland, Hungary and beyond, covering topics such as the uses and abuses of history, media, the rule of law, culture and the role of the European Union. Professor Garton Ash offers listeners a detailed, nuanced and highly accessible view on the key issues facing the region today. The episode complements a reissue of his classic work, 'The Magic Lantern', which includes an essay reflecting on recent political developments more than 30 years later: <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Magic-Lantern-Revolution-Witnessed-Budapest/dp/1838950702/tgabooks-21" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.co.uk/Magic-Lantern-Revolution-Witnessed-Budapest/dp/1838950702/tgabooks-21</a>.<hr><p style='color:grey; font-size:0.75em;'> Hosted on Acast. See <a style='color:grey;' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer' href='https://acast.com/privacy'>acast.com/privacy</a> for more information.</p>]]></description>
			<itunes:summary><![CDATA[Timothy Garton Ash, an international authority on Central Europe and renowned 'historian of the present', joins Robert Pyrah in the closing episode of the series. This is a summative and wide-ranging conversation on the challenge of illiberalism in Poland, Hungary and beyond, covering topics such as the uses and abuses of history, media, the rule of law, culture and the role of the European Union. Professor Garton Ash offers listeners a detailed, nuanced and highly accessible view on the key issues facing the region today. The episode complements a reissue of his classic work, 'The Magic Lantern', which includes an essay reflecting on recent political developments more than 30 years later: <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Magic-Lantern-Revolution-Witnessed-Budapest/dp/1838950702/tgabooks-21" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.co.uk/Magic-Lantern-Revolution-Witnessed-Budapest/dp/1838950702/tgabooks-21</a>.<hr><p style='color:grey; font-size:0.75em;'> Hosted on Acast. See <a style='color:grey;' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer' href='https://acast.com/privacy'>acast.com/privacy</a> for more information.</p>]]></itunes:summary>
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		<item>
			<title>‘Best of’: Lessons Learned</title>
			<itunes:title>‘Best of’: Lessons Learned</itunes:title>
			<pubDate>Thu, 02 Dec 2021 23:33:46 GMT</pubDate>
			<itunes:duration>49:16</itunes:duration>
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			<link>https://shows.acast.com/pseudoscience/lessons-learned</link>
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			<acast:showId>610d3ba40b311f0013498518</acast:showId>
			<acast:episodeUrl>lessons-learned</acast:episodeUrl>
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			<itunes:subtitle>Describing the illiberal playbook in Central Europe - and suggesting tools to counter it (Robert Pyrah + guests; co-interviewed by Marius Turda)</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
			<itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
			<itunes:episode>6</itunes:episode>
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			<description><![CDATA[<p><strong>In this bonus episode, we look back at the interviews of the series so far, drawing out headline lessons for citizens, governments or other bodies in Europe and beyond. </strong></p><br><p><strong><em>Section 1 </em></strong>defines the shapes and patterns of illiberalism, via case studies on Central Europe from across the episodes.</p><br><p><strong><em>Section 2</em></strong> pulls together headline 'lessons' on how to fight back, starting at 32 min.</p><br><p><strong>These are: </strong></p><br><p>1. Be alert to emotion trumping fact;</p><p>2. Make science easier to access;</p><p>3. Education as illiberal attack / liberal defence;</p><p>4. Defend free speech;</p><p>5. Uncover the agenda;</p><p>6. Be wary of "mission creep";</p><p>7. Fight fire with light;</p><p>8. Persuasion vs. coercion.</p><br><p>Thank you for listening!</p><hr><p style='color:grey; font-size:0.75em;'> Hosted on Acast. See <a style='color:grey;' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer' href='https://acast.com/privacy'>acast.com/privacy</a> for more information.</p>]]></description>
			<itunes:summary><![CDATA[<p><strong>In this bonus episode, we look back at the interviews of the series so far, drawing out headline lessons for citizens, governments or other bodies in Europe and beyond. </strong></p><br><p><strong><em>Section 1 </em></strong>defines the shapes and patterns of illiberalism, via case studies on Central Europe from across the episodes.</p><br><p><strong><em>Section 2</em></strong> pulls together headline 'lessons' on how to fight back, starting at 32 min.</p><br><p><strong>These are: </strong></p><br><p>1. Be alert to emotion trumping fact;</p><p>2. Make science easier to access;</p><p>3. Education as illiberal attack / liberal defence;</p><p>4. Defend free speech;</p><p>5. Uncover the agenda;</p><p>6. Be wary of "mission creep";</p><p>7. Fight fire with light;</p><p>8. Persuasion vs. coercion.</p><br><p>Thank you for listening!</p><hr><p style='color:grey; font-size:0.75em;'> Hosted on Acast. See <a style='color:grey;' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer' href='https://acast.com/privacy'>acast.com/privacy</a> for more information.</p>]]></itunes:summary>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title><![CDATA[ 'Fake News', the State and the Media in Hungary (Marius Turda / Mihály Szilágyi-Gál)]]></title>
			<itunes:title><![CDATA[ 'Fake News', the State and the Media in Hungary (Marius Turda / Mihály Szilágyi-Gál)]]></itunes:title>
			<pubDate>Tue, 02 Nov 2021 09:57:47 GMT</pubDate>
			<itunes:duration>34:29</itunes:duration>
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			<link>https://shows.acast.com/pseudoscience/episodes/fake-news-the-state-and-the-media-in-hungary-marius-turda-mi</link>
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			<itunes:subtitle>An examination of contemporary developments</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
			<itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
			<itunes:episode>5</itunes:episode>
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			<description><![CDATA[Why is "fake news" so popular today?&nbsp;What is the difference between misinformation and disinformation in politics? And how can we describe&nbsp;the increased state control of the media in&nbsp;Orbán's Hungary?&nbsp;These are some of the questions explored in this episode by Professor Marius Turda and his guest Dr&nbsp;Mihály Szilágyi-Gál.<hr><p style='color:grey; font-size:0.75em;'> Hosted on Acast. See <a style='color:grey;' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer' href='https://acast.com/privacy'>acast.com/privacy</a> for more information.</p>]]></description>
			<itunes:summary><![CDATA[Why is "fake news" so popular today?&nbsp;What is the difference between misinformation and disinformation in politics? And how can we describe&nbsp;the increased state control of the media in&nbsp;Orbán's Hungary?&nbsp;These are some of the questions explored in this episode by Professor Marius Turda and his guest Dr&nbsp;Mihály Szilágyi-Gál.<hr><p style='color:grey; font-size:0.75em;'> Hosted on Acast. See <a style='color:grey;' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer' href='https://acast.com/privacy'>acast.com/privacy</a> for more information.</p>]]></itunes:summary>
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			<title>Overcoming History? The Growth of Civil Society in Ukraine</title>
			<itunes:title>Overcoming History? The Growth of Civil Society in Ukraine</itunes:title>
			<pubDate>Thu, 30 Sep 2021 16:45:00 GMT</pubDate>
			<itunes:duration>41:34</itunes:duration>
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			<itunes:subtitle>Nationalism, The Holocaust, Memory Politics – and far beyond.</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
			<itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
			<itunes:episode>4</itunes:episode>
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			<description><![CDATA[<p>Ukraine is often headline news - but remains largely unknown to many in the West. Dr Robert Pyrah is joined by Prof. Jean-Paul Himka (and some insistent birds) in a wide-ranging, sensitive, and highly accessible overview of developments in this large, important young nation on Europe’s eastern border.  Late to gain independence (1991), rocked by democratic revolutions, and locked in a 'frozen' conflict with Russia, Ukraine's complex geopolitics belie a dynamic and instructive story. Taking both present-day and Humanist views, we reveal a heterogenous, hopeful picture.</p><p>Note: the interviewee uses a dialect pronunciation for the city of Lviv ('L'view').</p><hr><p style='color:grey; font-size:0.75em;'> Hosted on Acast. See <a style='color:grey;' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer' href='https://acast.com/privacy'>acast.com/privacy</a> for more information.</p>]]></description>
			<itunes:summary><![CDATA[<p>Ukraine is often headline news - but remains largely unknown to many in the West. Dr Robert Pyrah is joined by Prof. Jean-Paul Himka (and some insistent birds) in a wide-ranging, sensitive, and highly accessible overview of developments in this large, important young nation on Europe’s eastern border.  Late to gain independence (1991), rocked by democratic revolutions, and locked in a 'frozen' conflict with Russia, Ukraine's complex geopolitics belie a dynamic and instructive story. Taking both present-day and Humanist views, we reveal a heterogenous, hopeful picture.</p><p>Note: the interviewee uses a dialect pronunciation for the city of Lviv ('L'view').</p><hr><p style='color:grey; font-size:0.75em;'> Hosted on Acast. See <a style='color:grey;' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer' href='https://acast.com/privacy'>acast.com/privacy</a> for more information.</p>]]></itunes:summary>
		</item>
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			<title>Civic Culture in Romania during the Coronavirus pandemic</title>
			<itunes:title>Civic Culture in Romania during the Coronavirus pandemic</itunes:title>
			<pubDate>Thu, 30 Sep 2021 16:27:00 GMT</pubDate>
			<itunes:duration>40:13</itunes:duration>
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			<link>https://shows.acast.com/pseudoscience/episodes/civic-culture-in-romania-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic</link>
			<acast:episodeId>6155e1fba603860012aede5b</acast:episodeId>
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			<acast:episodeUrl>civic-culture-in-romania-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic</acast:episodeUrl>
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			<itunes:subtitle>Social Equity and Democratic Participation</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
			<itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
			<itunes:episode>3</itunes:episode>
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			<description><![CDATA[Has the political balance in Romania deteriorated since the outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic in 2020? Has it favoured the emergence of aggressive forms of politics – chauvinistic, xenophobic, conspiracist, antivaxxer?&nbsp;In this episode, Professor Marius Turda discusses with Dr Ciprian Mihali the role of civil society in influencing politics in Romania today, while focusing on social equity and democratic participation.<hr><p style='color:grey; font-size:0.75em;'> Hosted on Acast. See <a style='color:grey;' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer' href='https://acast.com/privacy'>acast.com/privacy</a> for more information.</p>]]></description>
			<itunes:summary><![CDATA[Has the political balance in Romania deteriorated since the outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic in 2020? Has it favoured the emergence of aggressive forms of politics – chauvinistic, xenophobic, conspiracist, antivaxxer?&nbsp;In this episode, Professor Marius Turda discusses with Dr Ciprian Mihali the role of civil society in influencing politics in Romania today, while focusing on social equity and democratic participation.<hr><p style='color:grey; font-size:0.75em;'> Hosted on Acast. See <a style='color:grey;' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer' href='https://acast.com/privacy'>acast.com/privacy</a> for more information.</p>]]></itunes:summary>
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			<title>Historical obsessions and illiberalism in Poland (Robert Pyrah / Jan Grabowski)</title>
			<itunes:title>Historical obsessions and illiberalism in Poland (Robert Pyrah / Jan Grabowski)</itunes:title>
			<pubDate>Tue, 31 Aug 2021 14:20:28 GMT</pubDate>
			<itunes:duration>38:07</itunes:duration>
			<enclosure url="https://sphinx.acast.com/p/open/s/610d3ba40b311f0013498518/e/612cca2d6fa84200122d42df/media.mp3" length="403451474" type="audio/mpeg"/>
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			<link>https://shows.acast.com/pseudoscience/episodes/historical-obsessions-and-illiberalism-in-poland-robert-pyra</link>
			<acast:episodeId>612cca2d6fa84200122d42df</acast:episodeId>
			<acast:showId>610d3ba40b311f0013498518</acast:showId>
			<acast:episodeUrl>historical-obsessions-and-illiberalism-in-poland-robert-pyra</acast:episodeUrl>
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			<itunes:subtitle>History, the Holocaust and national politics since c.2015</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
			<itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
			<itunes:episode>2</itunes:episode>
			<itunes:image href="https://assets.pippa.io/shows/610d3ba40b311f0013498518/1630324929911-9970a201400cb551db8210270afe7a63.jpeg"/>
			<description><![CDATA[This episode presents Jan Grabowski: both a leading thinker and actor in Poland’s ‘history wars’. Prof. Grabowski (Uni. of Ottawa) has faced legal action in Poland over his research into Holocaust history, but recently won (August 2021) a court case on appeal. We delve into his personal experience and the wider mechanisms behind Poland’s current illiberal drive in a wide-ranging conversation on history, memory and politics with Dr Robert Pyrah.<hr><p style='color:grey; font-size:0.75em;'> Hosted on Acast. See <a style='color:grey;' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer' href='https://acast.com/privacy'>acast.com/privacy</a> for more information.</p>]]></description>
			<itunes:summary><![CDATA[This episode presents Jan Grabowski: both a leading thinker and actor in Poland’s ‘history wars’. Prof. Grabowski (Uni. of Ottawa) has faced legal action in Poland over his research into Holocaust history, but recently won (August 2021) a court case on appeal. We delve into his personal experience and the wider mechanisms behind Poland’s current illiberal drive in a wide-ranging conversation on history, memory and politics with Dr Robert Pyrah.<hr><p style='color:grey; font-size:0.75em;'> Hosted on Acast. See <a style='color:grey;' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer' href='https://acast.com/privacy'>acast.com/privacy</a> for more information.</p>]]></itunes:summary>
		</item>
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			<title> Illiberalism in Hungary (Marius Turda with Ferenc Laczó)</title>
			<itunes:title> Illiberalism in Hungary (Marius Turda with Ferenc Laczó)</itunes:title>
			<pubDate>Mon, 30 Aug 2021 14:21:34 GMT</pubDate>
			<itunes:duration>37:12</itunes:duration>
			<enclosure url="https://sphinx.acast.com/p/open/s/610d3ba40b311f0013498518/e/61115087985ee10013e88a5e/media.mp3" length="196871838" type="audio/mpeg"/>
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			<link>https://shows.acast.com/pseudoscience/illiberalism-in-hungary</link>
			<acast:episodeId>61115087985ee10013e88a5e</acast:episodeId>
			<acast:showId>610d3ba40b311f0013498518</acast:showId>
			<acast:episodeUrl>illiberalism-in-hungary</acast:episodeUrl>
			<acast:settings><![CDATA[FYjHyZbXWHZ7gmX8Pp1rmbKbhgrQiwYShz70Q9/ffXZMTtedvdcRQbP4eiLMjXzCKLPjEYLpGj+NMVKa+5C8pL4u/EOj1Vw4h5MMJYp0lCcFAe0fnxBJy/1ju4Qxy1fh8gO4DvlGA40yms2g0/hOkcrfHIopjTygHFqGwwOPKFIai4SuTvs86Lx3UYCyl6ZsnhWlkE46v9iI/YowioL4Ra6y1YhKMLxySwVkySEPAcxdGyCp8GQlioCPKTcb83arcbNiSDoCHHC1w4RxjdZfiC0PC3F+4XbzmkBM103CR/Cj8DFud+FuUIwRbbXjJ2rG]]></acast:settings>
			<itunes:subtitle>The Use and Abuse of History in Hungary since 2010</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:episodeType>full</itunes:episodeType>
			<itunes:season>1</itunes:season>
			<itunes:episode>1</itunes:episode>
			<itunes:image href="https://assets.pippa.io/shows/610d3ba40b311f0013498518/1630324849268-1593901f7f109514614115cbf9894400.jpeg"/>
			<description><![CDATA[In this first episode of the series, Prof Marius Turda (Oxford Brookes University) talks to Dr&nbsp;Ferenc Laczó (Maastricht University) about the many facets of illiberalism in Hungary today, including their historical sources and legitimacy, and current representations of history in the country's public sphere.&nbsp;<hr><p style='color:grey; font-size:0.75em;'> Hosted on Acast. See <a style='color:grey;' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer' href='https://acast.com/privacy'>acast.com/privacy</a> for more information.</p>]]></description>
			<itunes:summary><![CDATA[In this first episode of the series, Prof Marius Turda (Oxford Brookes University) talks to Dr&nbsp;Ferenc Laczó (Maastricht University) about the many facets of illiberalism in Hungary today, including their historical sources and legitimacy, and current representations of history in the country's public sphere.&nbsp;<hr><p style='color:grey; font-size:0.75em;'> Hosted on Acast. See <a style='color:grey;' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer' href='https://acast.com/privacy'>acast.com/privacy</a> for more information.</p>]]></itunes:summary>
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    	<itunes:category text="History"/>
		<itunes:category text="News">
			<itunes:category text="Politics"/>
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    	<itunes:category text="Education"/>
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